축일:6월30일
복자 라이문도 룰로 순교자
Bl. Raymond Lull, martyr, III Order (For the III Order)
Bl. Raymundus Lullus
Blessed Raymond Lully
Beato Raimondo Lullo
Palma di Maiorca, Isole Baleari, 1235 – Maiorca, (29 giugno o 25 marzo?) 1316
Born : c.1234 at Palma, Majorca
Died : c.1315; some writers indicate he was martyred by stoning in Tunis,
but there is no evidence for it; may have died of natural causes during the return ocean voyage
from Tunis; buried at the church of San Francisco, Palma, Mallorca, Spain
Beatified : 25 February 1750 by Pope Benedict XIV (cultus confirmed); 1847 by Pope Pius IX
Canonized : pending
라이문두스 룰루스(Raymundus Lullus, 또는 라이문도 룰로)는 모슬렘으로부터 마요르카(Mallorca) 섬을 구출한 어느 장군의 아들로서 마요르카 섬의 팔마(Palma) 태생이며, 아라곤(Aragun)의 야고보 1세 왕의 신하가 되었고, 1257년에 블랑카 피카니와 결혼하였다. 2명의 자녀를 두었지만 라이문두스는 은거생활을 추구하였는데, 1263년에 그리스도의 환시를 본 뒤로 생활을 완전히 바꾸었다. 산티아고 데 콤포스텔라(Santiago de Compostela)와 로카마두르를 순례한 후, 그는 프란치스코회 3회원이 되었고, 가족들의 생계 외에는 모든 재산을 가난한 사람들에게 희사하였다.
그는 모하메드 교도들의 개종에 관심에 많았으며, 9년 동안 모슬렘에 대해 공부한 뒤, 자신의 이상을 꽃피우기 위하여 마요르카 섬에 트리니타스 대학을 세워 설교 교육을 시작하였다. 그는 마호메트 교도들의 선교를 위하여 백방으로 노력하였으나 그 당시의 정세 때문에 허가를 받지 못하다가, 1306년에 부지에 가는데 성공하였으나 곧 체포되어 투옥되었다가 추방되었다. 그는 철학, 음악, 항해, 법률, 천문학, 수학, 신학 등의 저서를 아라비아어로 남겼고, 아빌라의 성녀 테레사(Teresa of Avila)와 십자가의 성 요한(John of the Cross)에 버금가는 신비적인 시를 남겼다.
(가톨릭홈에서)
* 아빌라의 성녀 데레사 동정학자 축일:10월15일,게시판1420번.
*십자가의 성 요한 사제학자 축일:12월14일,게시판1523번.
Ramon Lull''s disks
.
Beato Raimondo Lullo
29 giugno
Palma di Maiorca, Isole Baleari, 1235 – Maiorca, (29 giugno o 25 marzo?) 1316
Entrò nel Terz’ordine Francescano e, spinto dallo zelo per le anime, ideò la fondazione dei collegi per la formazione dei missionari. Fu scrittore fecondissimo e compose numerose opere in campo del sapere, meritandosi il titolo di “Dottore illuminato”. Fu il primo uditore e referendario laico ad un Concilio ecumenico, quello di Vienne. Andato missionario in Africa, ebbe a sopportare maltrattamenti in carcere; poi, aggredito a colpi di pietre, fu accolto pressoché moribondo su una nave, e spirò mentre stava per giungere a Maiorca.
E'' presente nel Martirologio Romano. Nel braccio di mare di fronte all’isola di Maiorca, beato Raimondo Lullo, religioso del Terz’Ordine di San Francesco e martire, che, uomo di grande cultura e di illuminata dottrina, per propagare il Vangelo di Cristo instaurò con i Saraceni un fraterno dialogo.
Gli è andato bene tutto: famiglia nobile e ricca, e di conseguenza un’ottima educazione; poi l’amicizia col secondogenito del re d’Aragona, don Giacomo, che eredita dal padre il singolare e poco duraturo “Regno di Maiorca”, con le Isole Baleari, le regioni di Montpellier e di Perpignano. Di questo re, lui diventa una sorta di primo ministro; si sposa, gli nascono due figli. Ma sui trent’anni lascia tutto e si mette furiosamente a studiare: filosofia, teologia, lingua araba. Viaggia molto, andrà otto volte a Roma e lo scopo della sua esistenza è ormai uno solo: diffondere il cristianesimo intanto tra i musulmani presenti nelle Baleari, ma andarlo pure a predicare in Africa. Ed è tra i primi a capire che bisogna conoscere bene a fondo la cultura dei popoli che si vogliono evangelizzare.
Fonda innanzitutto un collegio per far studiare l’arabo ai francescani; suggerisce a Roma metodi di formazione missionaria che saranno più tardi adottati da Propaganda Fide: scrive trattati di filosofia e teologia in latino, poesie in lingua catalana, e poi parte verso il Medio Oriente (Cipro, Rodi, Siria, Palestina) tentando di riavvicinare i cristiani d’Oriente e d’Occidente, i “greci” e i “latini”. Va nel Nord Africa per convertire i musulmani, parlando la loro lingua: si è preparato all’impresa scrivendo un trattato sulla ricerca comune della verità, ha scritto anche poesie nella sua lingua nativa, ma con verseggiatura araba; ed è personalmente ben visto dal califfo di Tunisi... L’impresa però fallisce. Così come falliscono i suoi tentativi di riconciliazione tra i cristiani, e i suoi progetti per una crociata in Terrasanta. Il suo amore per il Cristo, "in quella natura meridionale traboccante di sogni grandiosi e di attive risorse, si traduce in un’appassionata volontà di lavorare con tutti i mezzi alla salvezza degli infedeli" (Fliche-Martin, Storia della Chiesa, vol. XIII, p. 433).
Gli va male tutto, umanamente parlando. Anche la sua scuola di lingua araba chiude dopo un ventennio. Tuttavia nessun insuccesso lo scuote. Al concilio di Vienna (1311-1313) propone di fondere in uno solo tutti gli ordini di cavalieri cristiani, e non gli danno retta. Sarà poi chiamato dai posteri Doctor illuminatus, ma i contemporanei non sembrano apprezzare i suoi lumi.
Falliscono ancora due suoi tentativi missionari in Nord Africa, conclusi da arresti ed espulsioni. Anzi, si diffonderà anche la voce che a Bouge (attuale Algeria) egli sia stato lapidato a morte. Ma si tratta di leggenda. Raimondo Lullo muore a Maiorca, di ritorno dall’Africa, e viene sepolto con grandi onori nella chiesa di San Francesco. La fama popolare di beato circonda la sua figura subito dopo la morte, e poi nei tempi successivi: ma anche gli sforzi di farlo beatificare falliscono. Nel 1850, infine, Pio IX approverà il culto come beato, che già da tempo gli veniva tributato in Catalogna e nell’Ordine francescano.
Autore: Domenico Agasso
_______________________
Aggiunto il 18-Oct-2001
RAYMOND LULL
Also known as
Doctor Illuminatus; Ramon Llull; Ramon Lull; Ramon Lullus; Raymond Lullus; Raymond Lully
Memorial
30 June
Profile
Seneschal, courtier and troubador at the court of King James of Aragon from about 1246. Married Blanca Picany in 1257. In 1263 he received a vision of Christ crucified, and was converted on the spot.
Franciscan tertiary. Friend of Raymond of Penyafort Worked to convert Muslims in the Iberian peninsula, and then in north Africa. He tried to interest the Vatican and assorted European royal courts in this work, travelling throughout Italy, France, England and Germany in search of support, but received little help. Learned Arabic, founded a school for Arabic study in 1276 on Majorca, and encouraged the study of Arab language and culture. Travelled three times to Tunis to preach to the Muslims, but was forcibly deported.
Wrote over 300 works in Latin, Arabic and Catalan on theology, logic, philosophy; wrote fiction and poetry. Known as a alchemist, but had no training in occult arts, and invented his own Christian-based concepts to try to explain the alchemical mysteries. Reputed to have solved the "lead-into-gold" mystery; legend says he worked on it to finance missionary work. Had a small but devoted band of followers known as Lullists who continued their work after his death, though some of them drifted away from the Church in search of alchemical knowledge. His work in this area has been the source of controversy for centuries, and non-Christian occult groups have seen him as a "master" or whatever term they use.
Born
c.1234 at Palma, Majorca
Died
c.1315; some writers indicate he was martyred by stoning in Tunis, but there is no evidence for it; may have died of natural causes during the return ocean voyage from Tunis; buried at the church of San Francisco, Palma, Mallorca, Spain
Beatified
25 February 1750 by Pope Benedict XIV (cultus confirmed); 1847 by Pope Pius IX
Canonized
pending
Lullus, Reymundus (1235-1312).
Practica compendiosa
Lyons, Impressum in edibus Joannis Moylin als de Cambray, 1523.
"Ramon, or Raymond, Lull was born on the island of Majorca. At first a Dominican he became a Fransiscan in 1295 and achieved a great reputation as an educator and Christian missionary, learning Arabic with the purpose of converting the Muslims. He travelled widely and was active in Rome, Paris and Montpellier, the latter city at that time belonging to Aragon. He headed three apostolic missions to Africa, where he was killed in 1316. Lull composed some 150 books, treatises and poems, writing on logic, theology, Christian apologetics, chivalry, education, physics, medicine and alchemy. His knowledge of medicine was superficial, and "his writings on the subject are negligible, except as illustrations of his logical obsession''(Sarton). His reputation as an alchemist became very great after his death although, during his lifetime, he attacked the alchemy of his time and did not believe in the transmutation of metals. He has been credited with the discovery of ''sweet vitriol'' (sulphuric ether) even though a search through his works reveals no description of this discovery. In the years following his death, his reputation as a scholar and alchemist was very great, his fame equalling that of the other grear Catalan, Arnald of Villanova" (A History of Medicine, Major).
An early edition of the famous "Art" of the great Catalan mystic philosopher, a scheme of teaching which became famous as the "Lullian method" and was later revised and improved by Giordano Bruno. Lull set himself to construct a method which by mechanically presenting all predicates which could attach to any subject was adapted to answer any questions on any topic.He gave himself up with the fervour of a divinely appointed missionary to the work of spreading his "great art" in every country.
There are sections on geometry, arithmetic, music, astrology, perspective, hunting, architecture, navigation, medicine, law, etc. The ninth book is on artificial memory.
The handsome woodcuts, mostly with bold decorative borders, include several representations of trees systematising branches of learning, four large astrological woodcuts, and two large anatomical woodcuts in a section on medicine extending to 30 leaves.
Raymond Lully
(RAMON LULL)
"Doctor Illuminatus", philosopher, poet, and theologian, b. at Palma in Majorca, between 1232 and 1236; d. at Tunis, 29 June, 1315. Probably a courtier at the court of King James of Aragon until thirty years of age, he then became a hermit and afterwards a tertiary of the Order of St. Francis. From that time he seemed to be inspired with extraordinary zeal for the conversion of the Mohammedan world. To this end he advocated the study of Oriental languages and the refutation of Arabian philosophy, especially that of Averroes. He founded a school for the members of his community in Majorca, where special attention was given to Arabic and Chaldean. Later he taught in Paris. About 1291 he went to Tunis, preached to the Saracens, disputed with them in philosophy, and after another brief sojourn in Paris, returned to the East as a missionary. After undergoing many hardships and privations he returned to Europe in 1311 for the purpose of laying before the Council of Vienna his plans for the conversion of the Moors. Again in 1315 he set out for Tunis, where he was stoned to death by the Saracens.
Raymond''s literary activity was inspired by the same purpose as his missionary and educational efforts. In the numerous writings (about 300) which came from his facile pen, in Catalonian as well as in Latin, he strove to show the errors of Averroism and to expound Christian theology in such a manner that the Saracens themselves could not fail to see the truth. With the same purpose in view, he invented a mechanical contrivance, a logical machine, in which the subjects and predicates of theological propositions were arranged in circles, squares, triangles, and other geometrical figures, so that by moving a lever, turning a crank, or causing a wheel to revolve, the propositions would arrange themselves in the affirmative or negative and thus prove themselves to be true. This device he called the Ars Generalis Ultima or the Ars Magna, and to the description and explanation of it he devoted his most important works. Underlying this scheme was a theoretical philosophy, or rather a theosophy, for the essential element in Raymond''s method was the identification of theology with philosophy. The scholastics of the thirteenth century maintained that, while the two sciences agree, so that what is true in philosophy cannot be false in theology, or vice versa, they are, nevertheless, two distinct sciences, differing especially in that theology makes use of revelation as a source, while philosophy relies on reason alone.
The Arabians had completely separated them by maintaining the twofold standard of truth, according to which what is false in philosophy may be true in theology. Raymond, carried on by his zeal for the refutation of the Arabians, went to the opposite extreme. He held that there is no distinction between philosophy and theology, between reason and faith, so that even the highest mysteries may be proved by means of logical demonstration and the us of the Ars Magna. This of course removed all distinction between natural and supernatural truth. Unlike Abelard''s, however, Raymond''s rationalism was of the mystic type: he taught expressly that, for the understanding of the highest truths, reason must be aided by faith; that once faith has flooded the soul with its radiance, reason, enlightened and strengthened by faith, "is as capable of showing that there are three persons in one God as it is of proving that there cannot be three Gods". "Relying on the grace of God", he writes, "I intend to prove the articles of faith by convincing reasons" ("Opera", Strasburg ed., p. 966). On the other hand, he held that, although reason needs the Divine assistance, faith is just as much in need of reason; faith may deceive us unless reason guides it. He who relies on faith alone is like a blind man who, relying on the sense of touch, can sometimes find what he wants but often misses it; to be certain of finding his object he needs sight as well as touch. So Raymond held that a man, in order to find out the truth about God, must bring reason to the task as well as faith.
These principles were taken up by the followers of Raymond, known as Lullists, who for a time had so great an influence, especially in Spain, that they succeeded in founding chairs at the Universities of Barcelona and Valencia for the propagation of the doctrines of the "Illuminated Doctor". The Church authorities, however, recognized the dangerous consequences which follow from the breaking down of the distinction between natural and supernatural truth. Consequently, in spite of his praiseworthy zeal and his crown of martyrdom, Raymond has not been canonized. His rationalistic mysticism was formally condemned by Gregory XI in 1376 and the condemnation was renewed by Paul IV. Raymond''s works were published in ten folio volumes at Mainz, 1721-1742. There are, besides, several editions of portions of his writings. His poems and popular treatises, written in Catalonian, had a very wide circulation, in his own day, and their style has won him a high place in the history of medieval Spanish literature. The best know edition of the works in which he describes his logical machine is the Strasburg edition of 1651. The "Rivista Lulliana", a periodical devoted to the exposition of Raymond''s philosophy, was started at Barcelona in 1901.
Book recommendations
Blessed Raymond Lully
(Teutonic: wise protection)
Known as the Doctor Illuminatus. Born in 1232 in Pilma, Majorca Island; died in 1315 near Cabrera Island. During the early years of his life, he was prominent at the court of King James the Conqueror. By a heavenly apparition he was inspired to convert the Mohammedans. In 1266 he became a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis. After a brief effort to propagate Christianity at Tunis, he was forced to leave and go to Naples. He taught physics at Paris for some time and then began missionary work in Armenia, Cyprus, and Egypt. His teaching is characterized by a rationalistic mysticism by which he identified theology with philosophy, failing to discriminate between natural and supernatural truth. The Church, fearing the dangers that might follow from so extreme a rationalism has withheld his canonization. He was stoned at Bougie, Africa, and died from the wounds. Relics in cathedral of Palma. Feast, 3 July; O.F.M., 27 November.
New Catholic Dictionary
